Not everyone experiences bipolar disorder the same way. Understanding the signs, symptoms and effects of bipolar disorder is an important step toward recovery for your child.
Understanding Anxiety
Learning about Bipolar Disorder
A serious mental health disorder that is characterized by severe fluctuations in mood and subsequent behaviors, bipolar disorder is an illness that can rapidly wreak havoc on a child or adolescent’s life, as well as on the lives of those around him or her. Those who are afflicted by bipolar disorder will experience extreme emotional highs and extreme emotional lows, which can alternate rapidly over brief periods of time, or over prolonged periods of time. These highs and lows can lead those suffering from this illness to go from feelings of euphoria to intense feelings of despair, sometimes within a matter of minutes. The oscillating mood patterns and behaviors that result from those extreme mood swings can lead to significant detriments in a child or adolescent’s ability to function appropriately on a daily basis. The ability to function appropriately at school, adhere to responsibilities or tasks at home, or interact positively in social situation all become greatly hindered as the direct result of bipolar disorder. Fortunately, there are treatment options available that can help young people learn to cope with and manage the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Statistics
Bipolar Disorder statistics
Historically, individuals under the age of 18 were not given a diagnosis of bipolar disorder due to the fact that the ways in which symptoms are displayed in young people are not as obvious, nor as similar, to the ways in which they are displayed in adults. Furthermore, there exists a controversy in labeling a child or adolescent with such a severe mental illness when they are at such a young and vulnerable age. For these reasons, statistics on the true prevalence of bipolar disorder amongst children and adolescents is lacking. However, according to the National Institute of Mental Health, it is believed to have an estimated prevalence of 0-3% amongst young people.
Causes and Risk Factors
Causes and risk factors for Bipolar Disorder
The onset of bipolar disorder has been attributed to genetic and environmental influences, as well as a number of other potential risk factors. However, it is important to note that in order for any environmental or other extraneous risk factors to elicit the onset of bipolar disorder, an individual must possess a biological predisposition for the illness. Brief descriptions of these causes as well as a list of potential risk factors are included in the following:
Genetic: Genetic factors are believed to be the strongest determinant in why individuals develop symptoms synonymous with the presence of bipolar disorder. A chemical imbalance in the brain is primarily responsible for the onset of this illness, and such imbalances can heritable in nature. Estimates have shown that individuals who have one biological parent who is afflicted by bipolar disorder are at a 15-25% higher risk of suffering from the illness as well. Furthermore, studies have shown that, when a child has a parent with bipolar disorder and then develops the condition as well, he or she will typically begin to display symptoms approximately 10 years earlier than his or her parent did.
Environmental: When a young person has a biological predisposition for bipolar disorder, there are certain environmental factors that can induce the onset of symptoms. For example, the abuse of drugs and/or alcohol can cause chemical changes to occur in the brain, resulting in the development of bipolar disorder symptoms that may not have presented themselves should those substances have not been abused. Additionally, some professionals in the field believe that experiencing a traumatic event or being the victim of ongoing abuse and/or neglect can also play a role in the development of this mental illness.
Risk Factors:
Family history of bipolar disorder, depression, or other mental health condition
Family history of substance abuse
Personal history of substance abuse
Experiencing a traumatic event or series of traumatic events
Suffering from abuse and/or neglect
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
Not only will the signs and symptoms that are displayed by youth who are suffering from bipolar disorder vary from person to person, but they will also vary dramatically depending on whether or not individuals are experiencing a manic episode or a depressive episode. Examples of various symptoms that may be exhibited by a youth who is afflicted by bipolar disorder can include, but are not limited to, the following:
Behavioral symptoms:
Acting recklessly and impulsively
Rapid speech
Hypersexuality
Explosive, unprovoked, and often violent, temper tantrums
Aggressive behaviors
Manipulative behaviors
Hoarding
Engaging in self-harming behaviors
Extreme restlessness / constant fidgeting
Isolating oneself from family and friends
Refusing to go to school
Decline in academic performance
Overtly defiant and oppositional behaviors
Physical symptoms:
Bedwetting
Exaggerated startle response
Heightened states of arousal
Significantly disturbed sleeping patterns
Changes in eating patterns
Fluctuations in bodily temperature
Teeth grinding
Weight fluctuations
Vocal and motor tics
Cognitive symptoms:
Racing thoughts
Paranoia
Chronic night terrors
Poor working memory
Concentration difficulties / becoming easily distracted
Hallucinations
Delusions
Episodes of depersonalization
Episodes of derealization
Psychosocial symptoms:
Drastically oscillating moods
Prolonged periods of mania
Prolonged periods of severe depression
Extreme emotional excitability
Feelings of elation and euphoria
False sense of grandiosity
Excessive anxiety
Suicidal ideation
Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
Alternating between low and inflated self-esteem
Periods of emotional detachment
Effects
Effects of Bipolar Disorder
When left untreated, the negative effects of bipolar disorder can be monumental and can cause much devastation on a young person’s life. Examples of various effects that may arise from the presence of bipolar disorder can include, but are not limited to, the following:
Behavioral problems at school, resulting in possible suspension or expulsion
Academic failure
Chronic, ongoing self-injurious behaviors
Engaging in drug and/or alcohol abuse
Criminal involvement, leading to possible incarceration
Disturbed social interactions, resulting in an inability to develop and maintain lasting, healthy interpersonal relationships
Pervasive suicidal ideation
Making attempts at suicide
Experiencing future difficulties with obtaining and maintaining steady employment
Co-Occurring Disorders
Bipolar Disorder and co-occurring disorders
Unfortunately, many children and adolescents who are plagued by the symptoms of bipolar disorder also suffer from symptoms of other mental health conditions as well. Examples of conditions that have been known to co-occur alongside bipolar disorder include:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Panic disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Specific phobias
Eating disorders
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
Conduct disorder
Substance use disorders
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)